ipratropium bromide

Lethal dose of sulphur dioxide is 1000 ppm (human, 10 min).^ 

(2) "Sulfur dioxide. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[11/7, 15:10] Varsha Boss: Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant and has significant impacts upon human health.

^ Sulfur Dioxide (S02) Pollution, United States Environmental Protection Agency

[11/7, 15:13] Varsha Boss: Sulfur dioxide is mildly toxic and can be hazardous in high concentrations.

Reference:- Sulfur Dioxide Basics U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

[11/7, 15:18] Dr.Parikshit Nagda: Ipratropium bromide is a drug that is utilized to decrement the amplitude of secretions in the lungs that causes asthma. Sulpher dioxide toxicity is a solemn lung condition that can cause respiratory failure. Ipratropium bromide is utilized in cases of sulfide toxicity to obviate fluid from building up in the lungs. Ipratropium bromide works by decrementing the quantity of secretions in the lungs and averting the buildup of fluid.

Intro

ALS actually is distinguished from asthma as it generally is a self circumscribed inflammatory event, which does not involve sedulous airway hyperreactivity and definitely subsides without treatment, which actually is fairly significant[1].

It was also hypothesized that the inhaled SO2 and sulphites might induce bronchoconstriction by acting as acids by releasing hydrogen ions and altering the pH in the airways.Ipratropium bromide is used in asthama like syndrome (ALS), as it work as a primary treatment in sulpher toxicity on exposure to apricot sulpherization in apricot fields.

A number of agent like cotton green dust shown to give rise to  asthma like syndrome[1],[2].

asthma-like syndrome” manifested by a decrease of pulmonary function tests and an increase of symptom scores of dyspnea and cough in apricot sulfurization workers (ASW).[3]

What is SO2?

Sulfur dioxide generally is a nonflammable, achromic gasoline with a very vigorous, pungent odor, or so they actually thought. Most people can scent sulfur dioxide at stages of 0.3 to 1 ppm. It really is treated and conveyed as a liquefied compressed gas, basically contrary to popular belief. It effortlessly dissolves in dihydrogen monoxide in a subtle way. The sort of liquid literally is much heavier than dihydrogen monoxide. Albeit sulfur dioxide does now not really burn in air, cylinders of compressed actually liquid can particularly explode in the warmness of a fire.

Sulpher Dioxide Effects on our health.

Exposure to sulphur dioxide through inhaling it is prodigiously perilous and life-threatening as it makes the lung functioning changes and causes nasal and throat difficulties and rigorous airway obstructions.  It additionally exasperates the skin and mucous membranes of the ocular perceivers, nasal perceiver, throat, and lungs. High concentrations of SO2 can cause inflammation and vexation of the respiratory system, concretely during heftily ponderous physical activity. Literature review identified sulfated haemoglobin (SulfHb) as another potential cause of the patient’s clinical signs [7].

      It has been attested that sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is utilized in the drying system can withal lead to oxidative stress and DNA damage in quite a number organs (Meng and Liu, 2007)[5]. Supplementally, it has been verbally expressed that SO2 /sulfide can withal reason organic injury by utilizing lead-off peroxidation of polyunsaturated adipose acids (PUFA), DNA synthesis accompanied with the avail of mutations, cell division and inhibition of mitosis (Shapiro, 1977) [6]. Again, it has been underlined that sulfide-predicated preservatives, mainly in apricots and some dried fruits, may adscititiously purport allergic reactions or bronchial asthma exacerbations in susceptible persons.

In a vivo locate out about via Koksal o al, found that cytokines such as INF a, IL-1h IL-6, IL-8 and NO may additionally play a function in the pathogenesis of SO-induced bronchoconstriction in the asthma-like syndrome brought about by excessive concentration of SO publicity at some factor of apricot sulfurization strategies (Koksal et al., 2003) [4].

Unlikely these results, in an in vivo find out about Knorst et al. determined that excessive magnitude of sulfur dioxide triggered a consequential minimize in spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-u and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin.

Standards for AQI.

In general terms, the standard Concentrations of SO2 in the ambient air twice the current standards are associated with adverse health effects. There is no basis for relaxation of the present standards for sulphur oxides at this time.

This is the table showing the basic standard of SO2 moderation for Air Quality.

Preventive therapy for SO2 toxicity by ipratropium bromide

Ipratropium bromide is a drug that is utilized to decrement the amplitude of secretions in the lungs that causes asthma. Sulpher dioxide toxicity is a solemn lung condition that can cause respiratory failure. Ipratropium bromide is utilized in cases of sulfide toxicity to obviate fluid from building up in the lungs. Ipratropium bromide works by decrementing the quantity of secretions in the lungs and averting the buildup of fluid.

MOA of Ipratropium bromide

Ipratropium is an acetylcholine antagonist by using blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in a pretty big way. Blocking cholinergic receptors decreases the engenderment of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), or so they definitely thought. This decrementation in the lung airways will essentially lead to decremented contraction of the for all intents and purposes clean muscles in a really major way. The movements of intranasal ipratropium, kind of mimic the motion of atropine by using inhibiting salivary and mucous glands secretions as well as dilating bronchial for all intents and purposes smooth muscle, which is quite significant. 

References

[1] J.Q. Koenig et al.

Theophylline mitigates the bronchoconstrictor effects of sulfur dioxide in subjects with asthma

J Allergy Clin Immunol (1992)

[2] J.Q. Koenig et al.

The effects of albuterol on sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in allergic adolescents

J Allergy Clin Immunol (1987)

[3] M. Chan-Yeung et al.

Epidemiologic health survey of grain elevator workers in British Columbia Am Rev Respir Dis (1980)

[4] Koksal N, Yıldırım Z, Gokırmak M, Hasanoğlu HC, Mehmet N, Avcı H. The role of nitric oxide and cytokines in asthma-like syndrome induced by sulfur dioxide exposure in agricultural environment. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2003a; 336: 115–22.

[5] Meng Z, Liu Y. Cell morphological ultrastructural changes in various organs from mice exposed by inhalation to sulfur dioxide. Inhalation Toxicology. 2007; 19: 543-51.  

[6] Shapiro R. Genetic effects of Bisulfite (Sulfur dioxide). Mutation Research.1977; 39: 149-76.

[7] Chan I.H., Au A.C., Kwok J.S., Chow E.Y., Chan M.H. Co-oximetry interference. Pathology. 2015;47:392–393